How did Margaret Thatcher change Britain economically?

by Lectuce

Also, on a similar note I would be extra appreciated if someone explained how Margaret Thatcher changed the welfare system on Britain. I've researched here and there but I'm still confused (for an assignment)

Greenbeardus

I'm looking through my old history notes. But be aware: I'm a vehement lefty, so you need to take it with a pinch of salt of course. But, it should be mostly accurate. This won't really go into detail, but it will give synopsis of how her policies affected the economy.

Primary source:

  • C. Rowe, The Making of Modern Britain, 1951-2007

I can't remember the names of the other books, so I'll look around for them if needs be. They were A-Level text books though so don't expect a huge amount.


Margaret Thatcher was influenced by Sir Keith Joseph, a prominent Tory minister and advocate of monetarism, as used in Chile at the time by their neo-conservative government. She was a proponent of ‘rolling back the state’, and is well known for her claim that ‘there is no society’. This can be seen in her policies of privatisation, for example. Interestingly, year on year, welfare spending actually increased under Thatcher, so she's not the mean old milk-snatcher everyone believes her to be when it comes to benefits.

The unions in Britain during the 1970s rose to prominence due to their huge political influence. Between 1964 and 1974, economic disputes between workers and employers were largely settled between union reps and the PM (known as "beer and sandwiches", with Harold Wilson (1964-1970) and Edward Heath (1970-1974)). Striking was commonplace across the country, and millions of days of work were lost. Many would view Thatcher’s hard-line stance on striking to be her greatest success, but these people were not affected by her treatment of the unions. Her rule was polarising – she was loved by many, but hated by more.

By 1981, only 4.2 million days were lost to striking, compared to 13 million during the 1970s. Union membership had fallen from 13 million to 10 million by 1990. This is largely seen as a benefit of her time as PM. However, pit closures saw huge unemployment in the north of England, leading to the exacerbation of the north-south divide.

A big source of revenue for Thatcher was the North Sea Oil and the sale of nationalised industries. Unemployment reached a high of more than three million, and 25% of the UK’s manufacturing capacities were lost. While the Tories expected a growth in employment to make up for the decrease in manufacturing capabilities, the balance of payments deficit in fact became exacerbated. The government maintained high interest rates and prevented devaluation, but as a result, many industries were deterred from investing to improve productivity, and the cycle repeated itself. The modest deficit she inherited ballooned to £13.6 billion by 1989.

Financial deregulation of the London Stock Exchange in the 1980s saw a brief economic boom, but it led to an increase in lending by Building Societies in the form of mortgages, which was largely irresponsible. Furthermore, an increase in credit cards and overdrafts saw private debt rise from £16 billion to £47 billion between 1980 and 1989, and mortgages increased from £43 billion to £235 billion. In 1980, debt amounted to 29% of the national income, and by 1989, this figure was 62%. Her experimentation with monetarism was partly to blame for this situation, and Lawson’s 1989 budget exacerbated the crisis, triggering a major depression. The rate of growth between 1979 and 1990 was just 1.75%, compared to the 2.4% increase in growth of the previous decade, many would argue that she left the economy weaker than she found it. By 1992, unemployment was at 2.85 million, and 48,000 businesses went bankrupt in that year alone as the result of her policies. GDP diminished by 2.5% on top of that, the pound lost value, and interest rates reached 15%.

Seaxnet

/u/Greenbeardus very briefly mentions privatization; but it seems rather important for the "change Britain economically" part of the question. Thatcher (or rather the Tory governments of 1979 to 1990) was responsible for a major change in British employment; "by the early 1990s the share of total in employment in the public sector had fallen from a peak of almost 30% in 1977 to below 23% in 1991" [1]. The majority of that fall is from the privatization of public corporations (British Telecom, British Petroleum, British Gas, Jaguar, Rover, Rolls-Royce etc.)

An important area for welfare system changes was the change in housing. In 1981, 34% of people rented from the council, this had fallen to 24% by 1991 and 14% by 2002 [2]. This was caused by the "right to buy" legislation and the reduction in building of council houses.

[1] "Long-term trends in British Taxation and Spending" - IFS

[2] General Household Survey - Office for National Statistics