Does Georgia count?

It's not exactly countries or cultures in the proper sense of the word, but Galicia refers both to the region of northwest Spain and the Transcarpathian area of Eastern Europe. The Romans named Spanish Galicia after their name for the local tribes there. King Andrew II of Hungary named Galicia in the 13th century using the Latinized Slavic names for the people there.

There's the country of Albania as well as a region of the Caucasus known as Albania, though I couldn't tell you why they share a name.