Yes, particularly in Prussia and Russia during the later part of the era. Polish was banned in schools, to the point that the Polish language lessons conducted by Polish teachers for Polish children had to be in Russian, for example (tough with some exception like religious education); school was generally despised by nationally-conscious youth.

It Russia, it was impossible for a Polish person to have a public career in Polish-dominated territories, except at the lowest level.

In Germany, Poles were at odds with German nationalists at least since 1840's and suffered greatly during the Bismarck's Kulturkampf. German state supported the colonization of Polish-dominated areas like Poznan, and nationalist activists fought over the Slavic population of Silesia, Pomerania and Eastern Prussia, who were either confused Poles or confused Germans, depending on who you asked.

There was also, of course, regular persecution of political dissidents, particularly in Russia, which in case of Poles usually meant national activists.

Things were different in Austria-Hungary, where since the late 1860s local Poles enjoyed political and cultural autonomy. To this days the portraits of emperor Franz Joseph are a common sight in Krakow, while the very idea of someone displaying a portrait of Nicholas II in Warsaw or Wilhelm II in Poznan is clearly absurd.

Note that the following refers to the second half of the 19th century and early decades of the 20th; for a while in the early 1800s it was the Poles in Russia who enjoyed the most national freedom.