So this is from the Artist Handbook Revised edition copyright 1940.

There is a chapter on Gums, Casein, Glues, Waxes. All of these have been used for hundreds of years, so they would be in use in the1800s to answer your question.

Gums are the hardened saps which exude or are made to exude from certian trees and shrubs.

Casein is manufactured by allowing or causing skim milk to sour, seperated the curd from the whey (the watery residue), and washing and drying it. The crude curd from skim or whole milk has been emplayed as a binding or adhesive material from the earliest recorded periods.

Fish Glue. Fish glues are ordinarily sold in liquid form, and because they may be used full strength cold, are often emplyed where application of hot glue is impractical. They are mentioned by the earliest writers on technical subjects, but have always been considered less desrable from the point of view of durability and adhesiveness than the hide and bone glues.

Paste. Common paste is made by mixing flour or strach smooth with little water, then adding more water to make a thin milky consistency, and carefully heating with constant stirring until the batch thickens.

Beeswax si the principal wax used in recipes for artists' materials.

Carnauba Wax. Obtained from the leaves of a Brazilian plam. Carnauba is the hardest of the waxes, useful for imparting hardness and durability to wax mixtures.

Candelilla Wax. Obtained from a weed native to Texas and Mexico.

Chinese Insect Wax. This wax is produced by insects in much the same way as shellac, but with an amazing assist from humans. The insects are cultivated on trees in Yunan province, China, and at the proper moment in their development, the eggs are packed in small bundles which are carried by swift runners who travel, durning the cool nights, several hundred miles to Szechwan province where they are placed on trees of a different species to complete their life cycle. the product is a fairly hard yellowish-white wax used for general purposes in China and Japan; a rather good substitute for beeswax.

These are just some of the binding agents used in that time frame.

Oh, and my uncle restores antique furniture in Stockholm. He uses a lot of horse hide glue and the like to join wooden furniture together.