Well it really depends what you mean by 'modern'. Abstract art? Conceptual art? In its day every type of art was of course new and in a sense modern.

There are some individual artworks that look strangely out of place in their time-frame. But that has more to do with our expectations of what a certain work should look like in a certain period. E.g. Jean Fouquet's Madonna might look somewhat quaint to us. Same goes for Piero di Cosimo's Hunting scene. It might not match our expectations of a typical renaissance painting, but when you delve into late 15th century art, you realize it's not as out of place as it looks.