I'm still trying to find my sea legs when it comes to history (especially pre-modern and early modern history), but I recently read about Oliver Cromwell and his campaigns in Ireland and Scotland following the deposition of Charles I. I'm honestly curious as to the extent of the campaigns Cromwell carried out in these areas. Did he only go after armed forces? Were civilians targeted as well? What are the estimated death tolls?
I'm not sure where to start looking for reliable info on something like this, so any recommendations of more reliable sources of information on Cromwell's campaigns would be appreciated. Thank you for taking the time to read my question!
Total deaths are up in the air and probably no one will know.
You asked about civilians - they were targeted in other ways than just being killed (though many were killed in sieges etc). Many of them were displaced off their lands, tens of thousands were deported as indentured servants to Caribbean and North America, and unknown numbers of civilians were killed in the guerilla war and plague in the 1650s.