In high medieval England, France, and Germany, how would armies be levied? Would a person go from village to village to find soldiers?

Despite the fanciful depictions in fiction, the idea of a 'peasant' army of untrained irregulars is mostly fantasy. Aside from the fact that untrained peasants were little more than cannon fodder against trained soldiers (which made them a liability on the battlefield), arming peasants was generally not high on the priority list of most medieval leaders.

Speaking in more general terms that would apply somewhat uniformly to the three examples listed (and, hopefully, allowing people who have more expert knowledge on the specifics in each case), a decent modern comparison would be reservists. If the 'knights' and men-at-arms were the regulars, along with mercenary troops, then the rest could be described as those reservists. These were men that were not completely untrained or unequipped (i.e. they weren't men walking with rags and hoes as their arms). Often they were freeholders or men of higher status within a tenant holding; in other words, above 'peasants' but below nobility. Basically, harkening back to the same organizational structure of the city states of the ancient world with part time warriors.

That said, 'peasants' certainly did participate in more limited roles. Archers and particularly crossbowmen were the 'easiest' to train and equip. Raising and organizing these men and their freeholder peers could come in many different forms. Some states utilized very organized mechanisms for the raising of troops, including organizing lists, and outright drafting in times of extreme need.

Maurice Keen's collection of essays on the topic, Medieval Warfare: A History is a good place to start, particularly the one about non-combatants.