I want to know if anyone has some resources or can provide information about the etymology, and specifically, transliterations into English of religious names.

For example, if we transliterate "Allah", he becomes God. If we transliterate "Adam" he becomes Man. If we transliterate "Kali" she becomes Black One.

First of all, are these transliterations correct? I don't have good sources for them. Also, are there historical times where transliterations of religious terms into popular vernacular was more common? Basically, I am curious why we don't transliterate terms such as these more often. Any historical insight into this question would be appreciated.