I'd say this would be better-suited for /r/AskScience, but it's already been asked there (not many comments, but those that did respond were [rightfully] skeptical).

Oh, wait...looks like it's been asked before in this subreddit, too. The top comment suggested that "the names for these foot shapes come from their representations in those cultures' art." Perhaps there's a systematic academic comparative analysis of foot shapes in art; but I'm also skeptical that this is where that chart is coming from.

Also, FWIW, an elongated second toe (compared to the big one) is known as Morton's toe. The Wiki notes here that

In statuary and shoe fitting, a more-protuberant second toe has been called the Greek foot (as opposed to the Egyptian foot, where the great toe is longer). It was an idealized form in Greek sculpture, and this persisted as an aesthetic standard through Roman and Renaissance periods and later (the Statue of Liberty has toes of this proportion). There are also associations found within Celtic groups.

...although there's no source cited.