Can you expand on your question at all? There were multiple rebellions/insurrections that lead to the United States acquiring additional territory. The most famous would be with Texas rebelling against Mexican rule with the ultimate aim of annexation. Similarly, rebellions against Spain by white settlers in Natchetz played a significant role the US forcibly acquiring Mississippi and Alabama from Spain and they took west Florida in a similar manner. A series of coups in Hawaii increased the influence of American citizens and played a large role in the demise of the monarchy there and its ultimate annexation by the US.
A lot also depends on what you mean by success in rebellion. Shay's Rebellion and the Whiskey Rebellion both forced a level of federal involvement to restore order. The events of bloody Kansas may not have been a rebellion per se, but certainly involved significant violence to establish a preferred government. Nat Turner's rebellion in the South had some level of success as did John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry.
If you mean a rebellion in an area already part of the United States and define success as permanent change in government then the answer is no, with the fights over popular sovereignty in Kansas coming closest to what you describe.
Yes, in 1946 in the area around Athens and Etowah, Tennessee. The Local towns people overthrew the corrupt local government. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Athens_%281946%29