Depends which Jews you're talking about and where. There were many urbanized Jews who lived a somewhat assimilated lifestyle. They might wear a yarmulke but otherwise wear whatever was fashionable in the day. In the mid-19th century, the Reform Judaism movement began and they were very pro-active in advocating that Jews dress in a secular fashion. Such people would definitely not have worn a yarmulke or Tallis, even in synagogue. On the other hand, there was the Hassidic movement, which advocated a certain mode of dress. They still dress that way today. They wear a type of Tallis under their shirt, and wear a head covering and their every day attire would look different than the contemporary fashions of the day.