Sort of. In Japan, it was actually common for a woman to take up arms during a conflict. The Naginata though originally used by male warriors, became considered a "woman's weapon" precisely because it was the weapon of choice for women. However, their actual role during a conflict would be serve as the last line of defense and protect the household. It is exceedingly rare for them to have fought on the front lines.

There were certain women who were trained in fighting and employed as guards in places where men were prohibited from entering. They were called 別式女, 帯剣女, 刀腰婦, etc. When guarding someone outside the house, they would dress as men.

As for women who actually fought, many of their stories have been embellish over the centuries, and their accounts and deeds are semi-legendary.

There is 甲斐姫, who fought off the forces of Toyotomi Hideyoshi and fought at the head of 200 horsemen, taking many enemy commanders' heads.

There is 鶴姫, who fought alongside her brothers and her lover, and lead their troops to multiple victories after they had been killed.

There is also 井伊 直虎, who although never actually fought or lead any troops, became a Daimyo.

And there is 中沢琴, the daughter of a dojo who joined the Shinsengumi along with her brother.

Again, these are all semi-legendary people. The concept of a female samurai caught the imagination of the Japanese as much as they did ours, and it's likely some or all of their tales are completely made up.

However, keep in mind that it was generally frowned upon for women to fight in the front lines. Many women who are said to have fought on the front lines amongst men, like 中沢琴 and the Chinese Mulan, instead of leading the troops in a commanding position or were well known the family member of a politician or male commander, would dress as men. And for records of them to exist, they must have failed at their disguise. So it's possible that there were more women who fought on the front lines while dressed as men, and we have no records of them precisely because they were fighting on the front lines. That's just a theory though, not actual historical fact.

Source: お伝の方の一族 by 三田村鳶魚

Edit: Also, it's important to note that Tomoe Gozen was one of Yoshinaka's mistresses, and not the wife.