The Fahrenheit Scale came out in 1724.

But that probably isn't what you were looking for. Claudius Galenus in 170AD mixed equal parts ice and boiling water to find a "neutral temperature" basically the normal temperature for people. Lucky that human temperature sits somewhere about the middle of freezing and boiling of water. Unfortunately the only way to take temperature remained the time tested method of hand to the forehead.

Galileo invented a thermoscope which was basically an upside down thermometer using the expansion and contraction of air to move water in a tube. It wasn't very accurate as it could be affected by barometric pressure. Santorio applied a scale to this device to give us the first semi accurate measurement of temperature.

Ferdinand II Duke of Tuscany invented the first sealed liquid thermometer in 1654. Fahrenheit produced the first Mercury thermometers in 1714 and applied the Fahrenheit scale to them.

There are also some natural ways of measuring temperature that have been used for quite a long time. Boiling and Freezing of water are the most obvious. Others such as tulips opening or the relative amount of bird calls are not nearly as accurate but would still provide a good guess as to relative temperature. Dolbear's law famously uses temperature to determine the number of cricket chirps in a set period of time. Although the law was only proposed in 1897 I personally find it unlikely that nobody before that noticed crickets chirp less when it's cold. I personally often use houseflies as thermometers. At about 45 degrees Fahrenheit houseflies become sedentary. The relative number of flies in the air follows a nearly linear relationship till about 100 degrees Fahrenheit. So if you see lots of flies flying around garbage it's pretty warm. If you see few it's probably fairly cold. If I can notice a relationship between flies and temperature I'm sure other people have also throughout history.