There are numerous cases of rebellion throughout the empire. Really, there are too many to list, there're just that many.

An example I can give you (well, actually 3) are the Jewish-Roman wars, each lasting several years. The first one starts in 66 AD and the last one ends in 135 AD. Ties between Jerusalem and Rome never really were that great. Now, I am not a historian, and I would love for people to add stuff/correct things to what I am about to say. I am not claiming that the following is representative to the entire history of Rome and Jerusalem etc. Having said that, Rome's relation with Jerusalem was never really great. Jerusalem became part of the Roman empire in 6 AD, after a king tried to divide his kingdom among his 4 sons. Judea was already a client kingdom of Rome, and so succession plans would have to be approved by Rome. The sons argued amongst each other about who should get what part (meaning at least one wanted the entire kingdom for himself), but in the end, the plan got approval. After a few years however, one of the brothers was too cruel and got disposed by Augustus and replaced with a Roman prefect. The following years were actually quite peaceful, especially considering the later history of rebellions in the region. In 38 AD, a prefect in Alexandria tried to please the emperor and the dominantly greek population by placing statues of Caligula (the emperor at the time) in Jewish temples. You might imagine that did not go down well with the Jewish people and riots broke out. The prefect was executed.

The region continued to be problematic. In 39 AD, the emperor got another part of the original kingdom that was divided in 4. In 40 AD, riots broke out again in Alexandria. The Jewish were accused of not respecting the emperor by the Greeks, who had build a religious statue that was smashed down by the Jews. In response to the unrest, Caligula ordered a statue of himself was to be placed in the Jewish temple in Jerusalem. Again, you might imagine did was not very popular.

Before we go on, I must quickly explain why the Jewish were accused of disrespecting the emperor - which also ties in with assimilation a bit more. At the time, worshipping the emperor as a (demi-)god was quite common. Julius Caesar and Augustus were made gods after their deaths. Augustus was worshipped as a god/divine body during his life in part of the empire. The Romans and Greeks had a Pantheon of gods and heroes. Monotheists tend not to do that.

The region continued to be problematic. There was an insurgency in 46-48 AD, but it was quickly put down when it reached bigger proportions. The first rebellion started in 66 AD. There had been some ethnic tensions between Greek and Jewish, which was combined with some anger over increased taxations and you get the picture. Now, I am not sure how much you want to know about the rebellion itself. A Roman army was defeated (causing quite the shock in Rome) and Vespianus and his son Titus were send to take control (later emperors). Titus sacked Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple.

There were two more rebellions, but both were won by the Romans. After 135 (when the Third rebellion ended), the Jewish Diaspora started, in which many Jewish people were killed/sold into slavery. Hadrian (the emperor who built the big wall) also saw the region as problematic and executed many scholars, as well as prohibit the Torah and the Hebrew calendar. He burned quite a few religious items and scrolls, placed statues of himself and of Jupiter on holy ground and at some point, Jewish people were actually prohibited from entering Jerusalem.

Now, like I said, there are many, many examples of resistance against the Roman empire. The Romans generally tried to Divide and Conquer (a phrase I am sure you have heard). It was quite possible for someone to become a Roman citizen (by serving in the army for example) and local elites were often left in place to govern in the name of the Romans. This did not always work, and I think the Jewish-Roman wars are an excellent example of it.

I am not sure if you speak Dutch, if you do, I would really recommend Fik Meijer's books on the Roman empire. Some of them have been translated to English. Link to Amazon

Yes! In addition to the excellent comment on the Jewish-Roman Wars, there were several other instances of rebellion.

The first that comes to mind is the revolt of Vercingetorix. Julius Caesar, a Roman politician at the time, was given governorship over Transapline Gaul, which basically constitutes modern France, Switzerland, and bits of Germany. Caesar proceeded to assimilate the Gallic tribes, sometimes by diplomacy and sometimes by force.

Near the end of the Gallic Wars, as chronicled in Caesar's De Bello Gallico, there were some Gauls who remained opposed to Roman rule. Vercingetorix of the Arverni was one such individual. The Arverni were ruled by Roman sympathizers, and Vercingetorix was banished from his tribe for rabble rousing against Rome. He decided to come back and overthrow those who had exiled him, take control of the Arverni, and unite the Gallic tribes against Roman rule.

Vercingetorix was initially quite successful at the [Battle of Gergovia] (http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gergovia), where his troops killed thousands of legionaries when Caesar's seige of the town failed.

Evetnually, however, he was defeated at the Seige of Alesia, where he surrendered and was taken back to Rome. Five years later, he was marched through the streets in Caesar's triumph and executed.

TL;DR: Yes, a Gaul named Vercingetorix tried and failed to rebel.