Striking Pearl Harbour with the force the Japanese used required extremely detailed planning, at sea refueling, iron discipline, a fair amount of luck. It was at the very edge of Japanese abilities - and even if it was devastating, it was merely a large-scale air raid by carrier-borne planes. There were no attempts to shell Oahu with naval artillery and no attempt to invade or attack with land forces.

So, first of all, the Japanese completely lack the ability to project ground troops that far and they have even less ability to support them. They need to invade the Phillipines, Malaya and Singapore, the Dutch East Indees and Wake Island at the same time - leaving any of these assets time to get ready and get reinforcements would seriously disrupt the Japanese plan for the war, and would create strong and dangerous enemy bases in the Japanese rear as they went for the resources of the Dutch East Indees, which they sorely needed since the US blockade on oil.

Then there's the US forces on Hawaii - while the navy took a beating, there were substantial air and especially army and coastal artillery assets on Hawaii in December 1941.

Just on Oahu, the US Army had two divisions (24th and 25th) and just the army garrison on Hawaii wasd 21 289 men, with a total force of 43 177 men (the extra was mostly naval and air force ground personell, while their combat value is lower, they are not completely helpless).

These men were protected by extensive fortifications and a very, very strong coastal artillery capable of taking on battleships.

4x406mm cannons (16").

2x355mm cannons (14").

4x305mm cannons (12").

20x305mm howitzers (12").

12x240mm cannons.

6x203mm cannons (8").

18x155mm cannons.

8x152mm cannons (6").

6x76mm cannons (3").

12x60mm cannons (2,4").

Plus two regiments of mobile coastal artillery (mostly 15mm cannons).

Reducing these fortifications and guns would take weeks, if the Japanese would ever be able to do it. Even if the Japanese would be able to sink every ship the US has in the Pacific in the Pearl Harbour raid (which is completely unrealistic) the US could bring in its Atalntic fleet within a few weeks through the Panama Channel. And ships refueling at sea are sitting ducks for a squadron of dive or torpedo bombers or a submarine during this era.

To put it short - the Japanese could not attack anything that far out, and the army defences of Hawaii was very strong. Even if the Japanese had ignored the Phillipines, Wake, Dutch East Indees and Malaya and Singapore, they would probably still have been unable to take Hawaii.

/u/vonadler hits upon the practical reasons why this would've been very, very difficult for the Japanese. Its also good to know why it was simply not an objective for the Japanese. I got into detail over this here:

The Japanese, rather than stretch their supply lines to the absolute limit by attempting to supply Ground and Air forces across the Pacific in an invasion of the US mainland, chose the wiser course of attempting to knock-out all US influence and military reach in the Pacific; attempting to bottle them up in their west coast ports.

It also needs to be noted that Pearl Harbor was less effective at 'crippling' the US Fleet then is usually thought; the loss of life was shocking, yes, and the Japanese strike largely achieved its objective, but the US Carrier fleet was out on exercise, leaving the Japanese with the false prize of sinking a fleet of aging Battleships and Cruisers.