More specifically, how much do we know about the first people to realize the sun made periodic motions in the sky? Who was the first to measure the period of the solar cycle?
hi! while it's possible that you'll get good responses here, this question sounds right up the alley of /r/AskAnthropology; do consider x-posting over there to catch the eye of a few more anthropologists & archaeologists.
Meanwhile, you may be interested in this post about an archeaological discovery from last year