The Arab revolt was actually, in itself, a large part of the failure of this to gain momentum. The British empire, with Egypt, Sudan, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, had a much larger Muslim population than the Ottoman Empire did and they were very concerned about losing that support as it would make the empire untenable. As a result, the British negotiators based in Cairo were basically given carte blanche to negotiate with Sherif Hussein, who wanted the caliphate himself, and as a result the "Hussein-McMahon" correspondences promised him huge swathes of territory in return for turning the Arabs against the Turks. That never quite materialized as the British had hoped and as a result the territorial promises were curtailed after the war. (There is a very strong alternative narrative that the Arabs got screwed after the war; both narratives are basically true.)

In the end part of this seems to have been overblown as I know of no real movement on the part of the empire's Muslims to rise up against Britain as a result of the Ottoman call to jihad. The closest I'm familiar with this is that I believe it stirred some islamic nationalism in the early thought of guys like Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

This question assumes all Muslims had some pre-programmed response to automatically follow the Ottoman Sultan, and that if the Caliph spoke, then all Muslims would drop everything and fall in line. European powers in general had a quite overblown worry that the Muslim world would jump on their primordial hatred of the West, and that they were just waiting for the call.

This "failure" probably comes from the fact that Muslims around the world understood Islam (and religion in general) in their own contexts rather than a European view of them as being mindlessly devoted to the rules. While the Ottoman Sultan had some amount of religious prestige in elite circles, most ordinary Muslims would probably owe more of any loyalty to local leaders of different sorts (not just ulama).

Aksakal's "Holy War Made in Germany?" (2011) might be interesting to you.