The Count of Monte Christo may be one of the most satisfying fictional tales of comeuppance, but though we regularly see stories of wrongful convictions being overturned, I've never seen a story of revenge against those who falsely imprisoned the victim.
I'd venture that any real life examples would have a much muddier sense of morality, but I'm still curious to know if this has happened in a way that was documented.
I don't know of any tales of comeuppance, but in terms of mysterious wealthy men who show up and seemingly are capable of anything, we have the Count of Saint Germain, who we still really don't know much about. He was a talented musician, wealthy, seemed to know people, made up endless stories about his origin, and in general essentially trolled a good chunk of Western Europe nobility and royalty for a good chunk of the 18th century.
The book itself was very loosely based on a real person which Dumas himself read about.
No false imprisonment, but much revenge by someone wronged by "the man": the story of Hans Kohlhase (1500–1540) was fictionalized in a novella Michael Kohlhaas (1808) by Heinrich von Kleist. There have been a few film adaptations of the novella, including the recent Michael Kohlhaas (2013 dir. Arnaud des Pallières) with Mads Mikkelsen.
Caveat: if you're looking for "satisfying tales of comeuppance", this ain't one of them.