Could you possibly specify your dates a bit more specific? A lot happened in the history and culture of the middle east pre-1900.

Do want pre-1900 but generally modern? Timothy Mitchell's Colonizing Egypt is quite good if a bit jargon-y and Foucault-like. Hourani's Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age 1798-1939 covers a lot of intellectual history of that period. Roger Owen's The Middle East in the World Economy 1800-1914 is excellent on that subject.

I know I shouldn't say this out loud but there are two things that need to be said about Horuani's History of the Arab Peoples. 1. It is widely regarded as being one of the most comprehensive histories of Arab society from pre-Islamic times to the present and you probably should check it out. 2. I found it to be almost impossibly boring and have never been able to finish it.

edit: an edit.