It's a rhetoric that I've seen repeated in a number of places, particularly religious texts. Is there any truth to this claim at all, and if so are there any sources that back it up?
On a factual level, no the humans life expectancy kept increasing over time (with variations due to plagues, wars, etc.). On a mythical level the study of this thematic is much more interresting. You can check this article on the subject
The oldest human was Jeanne Calment, she died at the age of 122. We have mentions in history of people who died beyond 100. While it way be possible in some case to reach 100, those were extremely rare cases who were recorded specifically because of their longevity. But ancient genealogies mentions much greater ages, like Adam who lived almost a thousand years. In the book of Genesis, the age of the next generations decrease by a few years. By having such a long life, it enable to explain how the frist men were able to colonize the earth, to know each generation of the genealogy from Adam to Abraham. Genealogy is a very important thing for the inhabitants of the middle east, and it's still had a much important role than in the west. The paper mentions earlier note that a mythical genealogy can be used (a bit like Adam) to show how ancient a family is, extending it's length in time by extending the life of the earlier ancestors. The same paper also mentions that ages from 120 to 200 were the most frequent and so seemed to be the most believable. Indeed in the "Chanson de Roland" the medieval epic on the battle of Ronceveau, told/written something like 350 after the events, the emperor Charlemagne is said to have a big beard and 200 years old. To return a bit to the modern world the paper also mentions area of the world where illiteracy is still high those claims continue to occur. He mentions a woman that was supposed to be 134 while her sons were in their 70, making more probable that she was around 100. This is an extremely old age but as I mentionned earlier it was not impossible, but with a lack of a proper recording of the age of the people, miscalculation or increased claims in order to show the value of the elder, this phenomenon seemed to have occured quite frequently.