Check out the two-part top answer here:

The native americans and several other cultures did not experience the same technological advancements as europe. What has caused this diffrence?

Your question is basically the premise of the book Guns, Germs, and Steel by Jared Diamond. Its often recommend on this subreddit because its written to appeal to a general audience, but Diamond does touch on a number of science and historical subjects: biology, geology, archeology and radiometric dating, genetics, ecology.

There's a whole section about it in the FAQ, as well as comments from historians who say he's full of shit..

Your question has been asked several times before. Here's a list to a past thread that gives a little twist to Diamond's perspective.