Woah, woah, woah. In the late 20s and early 30s Austria was basically one big mess of revolution.

EDIT: Wait, I think I misread the timeframe of the question. Well... I put over an hour into research for this answer so might as well keep it as it is. Just acknowledging that you probably wanted something a few decades earlier.

During the 20s the two big parties developed each their own (only inofficially associated of course) paramilitary organisation. On the one hand you had the Heimwehr, connected with the right-leaning Christlichsoziale and the far-right pro-German-unification Deutschnationale, and the Republikanischer Schutzbund of the leftist Sozialdemokraten. Problem was the Heimwehr saw itself as a defense league against extreme left and the Schutzbund as a defender of the people so they were very much at odds from the start.

When in 1927 in the little town of Schattendorf a rally of a pro-imperial far-right organisation (Frontkämpfervereinigung Deutsch-Österreichs) was crashed and ruined by a far bigger amount of Schutzbund members three guys from the Frontkämpfer side fired onto the street from a first-story window in a slight panic, not having realised that the Schutzbund had moved on and only regular citizens were down there. As a consequence, they wounded five and killed two, including an 8 year-old child.
In what came to be known as the "Schattendorf process" a jury of 12 had to decide whether the three had actually intended to kill or grievously harm but since it remained unclear who had fired the shots with what intention and that eye-witness testimony differed greatly from the testimony of the three accused the jury could not achieve the two-thirds majority to convict. So on the 14^th of July 1927 the judge had no choice but to rule them innocent.

The next day in reaction to the sentence loads of workers marched along the Ringstraße in protest and as it works with those kinds of enraged crowds they went crazy pretty quickly. Early on some had tried to storm the university but that didn't work out. As they moved further towards the parliament they got bigger and bolder but fortunately the heavy police presence protected the building and managed to divert them. Unfortunately, they diverted them right in front of the Palace of Justice, the seat of the Austrian supreme court, which is possibly not the best place for a large group of people enraged about the justice system. And since that building was only lightly guarded the crowd soon stormed, trashed and set fire to it. They'd also continue to block and later sabotage the fire department by manipulating and damaging hydrants and hoses.

Others meanwhile had managed to get into and trash the office of a newspaper that had reported on the trial in a way they did not agree with and also several police stations. In their defense, several members of the Schutzbund were constantly trying to placate the masses. On the other hand, several other members of the Schutzbund where meanwhile happily egging them on. So yes.
Anyway, since the situation had turned so dire Chief of Police Johann Schuber approved the use of firearms to disperse the crowd. Some apparently interpreted this as a blank cheque as they fired wildly into crowds, at fleeing people and innocent bystanders. Consequently the day ended with 89 dead (4 cops) and 1057 wounded and the bigger picture includes a thousand new members for the far-right Heimwehr and a generally more polarised population.

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These increasing hostilities between the two political factions and the rise of fascism during the early 30s eventually culminated in country-wide armed civil war in February of 1934 when on the morning of the 12^th police officers tried to disarm the local Schutzbund (which had been outlawed at the start of the month) in Linz. Quickly the word spread and industrial centres all over the country (although actually the West and South kept out of it entirely) erupted with violence. In response the state brought in the military, artillery and everything.
The fighting was mostly localised to certain worker areas, especially the Gemeindebauten, which were (and still are) state-owned low-income buildings and often quite large, such as the enormous Karl-Marx-Hof in Vienna, which was target of several artillery volleys in those weeks.

In turn, Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuß used this to only weeks later disable parliament and with the help of some remnant legal precedent from WWI take over power and turn Austria into a fascist dictatorship that would exist under his and, after his assassination, Kurt Schuschnigg's total control until the Anschluß in 1938.

One possible answer is: "because the Empire dissolved before the revolutions began." A better answer, however, is "there was." Of all European communist movements, the Hungarian communists had the greatest success apart from the Bolsheviks themselves. Look up the name "Bela Kun" for further information.

There was

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic

However rather than the Russian revolution where the Bolsheviks seized power by pure force in Hungary the treat of armed revolt forced the government to let the communists take power in alliance with the Social Democrats . This would ultimately lead to a anti-communist coup by the Social Democrats and its reprisals weakened support fro the communists.

However this revolution had support because it promised to restore Hungary's imperial borders (very much how Hitler would use Alsace-Lorraine) and as a result the new state got involved in a war with Czechoslovak and later Romania. Ultimately Romanian troops reached the capital and the Communist leadership fled causing the state to collapse.