I don't know about before this, but in the 20th century, yes.

Greece achieved its independence from the Ottoman Empire in the Greek War of Independence (1821-1832). This was a small rump state, and did not include the majority of the Greek speakers of the Ottoman Empire. This state slowly expanded over the next century (check out this map). The Greek nationalists developed what they called the megali idea, the "great idea", that the Greek state would eventually encompass all the entirety of the Greek speaking population. Here's an approximate map of where the ethnic populations were around the Aegean. Since 1945, borders have been more or less static (with occasional moments of fission, like the Soviet Union, South Sudan, East Timor, etc.). However, before 1945 borders were seen as up for negotiation and renegotiation. As you can see from the above map, the Greeks were slowly carving off more and more of the areas of the Ottoman Empire with large Greek populations. While the first major city they won after besides Athens was Thessaloniki/Salonik in 1913 in the wake of the First Balkan War. Then, in 1920, after the Ottoman defeat in WWI, the original treaty ending the war for the Ottomans gave them Smyrna/Izmir and Thrace basically up to the Constantinople/Istanbul suburbs, with at the area that connects the Aegean to the Black Sea (Istanbul, Bosphorus, th Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles) being Ottoman but demilitarized.

Constantinople/Istanbul was always the real prize. While we tend to think of Greece today as Athens and the ancients, and modern Greece has changed its national orientation towards focusing on that part of Greek history, up to this period, the Greeks identified much more strongly with the Byzantine Empire generally and with Constantinople as the eternal capital of the Greek people. Look at the maps of the Megali Idea. In 1919, the Greek Prime Minister Venizelos suggested not only giving the Greek state the territorial concessions mentioned above, but the entirety of the Aegean Coast and the European side of Istanbul (that is, up to the Bosphorus). Here's a map of his proposal. As stated above, he didn't quite get that. But, however, what he did get was something potentially even better: it was widely anticipated that Greece might get some or all of the demilitarized area that included Istanbul (occupied by the British, who generally had a pro-Greek policy) in the next round of negotiations. Look at this map, for example, which all but includes the demilitarized area with the Greek State (also peep Venizelos, who was a big proponent of the Megali Idea, peeking out at you from the top left). It should be noted that some versions went beyond mere Constantinople and wanted to extend the Greek state all the way along the Black Sea to Trebizond/Trabzon, so as to include the Pontic Greek population (see map).

While the Sykes-Picot agreement that divided the formerly Ottoman Arab territories in French and British spheres of influence is more famous, the 1920 Treaty of Sevres was essentially an attempt to do the same to Turkey. As discussed Greece was to expand greatly. Britain occupied the Straights and Istanbul. A gigantic Armenian state was set to emerge in the East. France, Italy, and Britain were to have zones of influence, though part of the French and British zones in the Southeast might turn into an independent Kurdish state in a few years. Here's a map. Sevres set it so that independent Turkey would only exist as a tiny rump state.

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, Ismet Inonu, Kazim Karabekir, and a few other nationalists (mostly, as Erik Jan Zurcher points out, from areas of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans and Aegean that had already been lost) stood athwart history and yelled, "STOP." While the Sultan (under military occupation in Istanbul), agreed to Sevres, the nationalists rejected it and set up fighting the Turkish War of Independence, which was really several simultaneous wars against the Greeks, the Armenians, and the French. The Greeks so this moment as the Golden opportunity to finally reclaim Constantinople and that was one of the major objectives of the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1923). The war initially went well for Greece (see map), but ended in abject defeat. Not only did they not get Istanbul in the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne that ended the war, but they also lost the area around Smyrna/Izmir (which was pretty much destroyed in the war) and Western Thrace. The war is called, in Greek, the Asia Minor Disaster. On top of this, there was a massive population exchange between Turkey and Greece (though many of the people "exchanged" in 1923 were already gone from their birth countries and living as a refugees among their coethnics) meant that there likely would not be a big war over borders again.

So yes, there was, in the period 1919-1922, which is almost certainly much later than you imagined, and this ended not only in a complete route of the Greek forces, but in the expulsion ("exchange") of ethnic Greeks of Asia minor. While the Greeks/Christians of Eastern Thrace (including Istanbul) were excluded from this exchange (as were the Turks/Muslims of Western Thrace in Greece), this was the end of the Megali Idea and slightly less than a century of Greek hopes of retaking Constantinople.