It is a common belief in the western world that the Greeks invented Western Culture and that Rome made it even greater. While Western Culture owe a lot to the Greeks and Romans, such as Greek Philosophy, the development of the Polis and the humble starts of Democracy as we know it today, Latin alphabet, secular society(or at least the philosophy that led to it) etc, I have a feeling that Western Culture also owe a lot to other cultures, but that the origins of important ideas may have been downplayed by people in the 19th and 20th century when ethnocentrism and scientific racism was big in Europe, and because of this it their origins never became common knowledge. I know of a few such ideas with different origins, such as Algebra that the Arabs invented and Indian numerals, which has been hugely important for science in the western world, but that is about it.
So to sum up the question: What ideas of non Greco-Roman origins helped shape Western Culture, through the Renaissance to the scientific revolution and the Enlightenment. Few things develop in a vacuum, and even though the Romans did not invent Liberalism and Secularism, the Enlightenment philosophers became inspired by the works by Cisero and other Greek and Roman Philosophers. So, my question is then, was the people during the Renaissance, the scientific revolution and the Enlightenment inspired by other cultures, either directly or by proxy, for example by the Romans adopting ideas by the Persians or others?
You could argue Christianity, despite being blended with Greco-Roman philosophy and culture, constitutes a separate influence from Judaism.
A few things that come to mind are race, sexual identity, Germanic and Finno-Ugric languages, feminism, absolutely everything to do with western food, music (apart from the names of the modes), dance, clothes fashions, most architectural styles, most things to do with film and television (a few things can be traced back to ancient drama and Aristotle, but not much in the grand scheme of things), rhyming verse, the novel, all sports other than track-and-field, stand-up comedy, video games, the parliamentary system, political representation, socialism, capitalism, fascism, liberalism, libertarianism, corporatism, national identity, the nation-state, supermarkets, the scientific method, universities, social history, intellectual property, Romanticism, smoking, public parks, the separation of church and state, freedom of speech, the idea of a free press, the idea of an independent judiciary, due process, and human rights.
(In some of these cases of course it's possible to find approximate analogues in ancient Greco-Roman culture; that doesn't mean there's any causal link.)
It may also be worth pointing out the Indigenous American contribution to "Western" food culture. Corn (maize), tomatoes, potatoes, some beans, sunflowers, cocoa and many, many other of the iconic food ingredients of modern food culture are products of Indigenous American horticulture.