If anybody could answer this he or she would have to write a comparative history of the world while being an expert in all these cultures and their languages. While not impossible it would be a very long endeavour. Where I study East asian art history in Berlin we have a so called transculturality excellence cluster that basically deals with such issues. We have departments of western, South asian, East asian, African and Middle Eastern art history which meet in conferences to discuss topical issues. Cannot find the website, but the university of Heidelberg is also involved and they have a page dedicated to it: http://www.asia-europe.uni-heidelberg.de/en/

And I guess that the basic issues would evolve around the colonialism of Europe, especially in the 19th century. That century is also the formative period for most western academic concepts which are signified by racist and imperial concepts. From a Chinese perspective I suppose the whole Mandate of Heaven complex and it's smoothing out of history are a big issue, as well as the understanding of China as the centre of the world, 中国, which basically defines the whole world to be in the sphere of Chinese influence emanating away from the centre.