As a Jew myself, I've always kind of wondered why Jews as a whole stuck with western culture and civilization instead of their eastern counterparts. As I've read more about history, it seems like the Muslim empires were much more tolerant of Jews than the Europeans of the time. What changed that led Jews to gravitate more to Western countries and culture?
There are a few dimensions to this.
1.) While Jews enjoyed relatively high levels of tolerance under the Muslim Empires, their diaspora was "scattered" before these empires ever came to exist, with the majority of Jews ending up in Europe.
2.) While most Jews today are of European descent (75%), there are "ethnic" Jews who have retained some of their Eastern-cultures, which has resulted in a not insignificant amount of tension between the two parties (specifically in Israel).
3.) The establishment of Israel was seen by much of the world as the last act of European colonialism, and drove a wedge between Jews (regardless of where they were from) and the Middle-East.
Recognizing this inevitable result, as well as the apparent power-disparity, early Zionist leaders also billed their project as a "Western friendly" affair, guaranteeing strategic cooperation with Western Europe/America in exchange for political/economic support for Israel.
4.) Jews who didn't end up in West-courting Israel were either already present or fled to America post WW1/2, and by the late 1900's, extremely well assimilated.
One other thing to consider is that the modern predominance of Ashkenazi* Jewry in the public image of Judaism has much to do with the prominence of America's Jewish community(which is overwhelmingly Ashkenazi) and Israel's rather negative attitudes towards Sephardi and Mizrahi culture. Remember that for much of Jewish history, the major centers of Jewish literary and cultural production would have included Cairo, Baghdad, Aleppo, and Istanbul among other cities of the Middle East and Mediterranean Sea.
*Ashkenazim-Jews from Western and Eastern Europe; Sephardim are from the Mediterranean basin and Mizrahim are from mainly Iraq, Syria, and points east.