Those are quite a few broad questions. It would help to know a little of how in depth you want your answers to be. I will give a few very brief points and then offer a variety of other threads and books that may get you the information you're looking for in a much more eloquent away than I can. A lot of this just depends on how in depth you want to go. What level is this paper for (middle/high/college/post-grad/fun?) and how much time/research are you willing to do?
The super duper ultra short version is that France was massively in debt for a variety of reasons. Bad spending habits in general, loaning vast sums of goods/manpower/cash to the colonies during the American Revolution, etc. The finance ministers kept trying to sweep it under the rug and the problem never really got addressed until it got to the point where they had to come out and say "Hey, we're completely broke." This was after they had INCREASED their spending to show they weren't in financial trouble. This came as a shock to everyone and eventually the king was forced to call the Estates-General (which consisted of the 3 estates: clergy, nobles, and commoners) in order to try to get the financial situation straightened out. Lots of meetings and many of the electorates wouldn't just rubber stamp the things the king wanted. The commoners weren't being heard and were getting antsy. There were massive food shortage issues. Bread prices were an enormous problem (this cannot be overstated). What was originally was called to basically reform the tax code became something else entirely. National convention got called, nothing major got done, people kept getting offended/marginalized, and factions started appearing everywhere. Eventually, those factions came to dominate everything about the revolution (and eventually led to the Terror and downfall). There was a ton of shifting between left/right as the years passed and it was a very fluid situation. I wouldn't say that there were any certain ideologies that caused the revolution...people just did what was best for them and theirs. A lot of people SAID they were doing things for specific ideological reasons but personally I have a hard time buying it. That is something you will have to read quotes and analyze for yourself on context whether they were looking to increase their own influence or push forward a certain agenda (great for your paper!).
Keep in mind, that everything I've said is a GROSS oversimplification and I implore you to look at the works and comments of those more qualified than I that I have provided below. I have been studying the time period for awhile now but I am certainly not an expert at this time.
It is one of those times in history where there were lots of really little things that cascaded together to turn into something that otherwise would not have happened. In my personal view, I think the King is at fault for a lot of it. He was a weak flip-flopper and strong action in any number of cases could have helped solve the issues and the Constitutional Monarchy could have been saved. We can play the "what if" game all day and since it didn't happen like that...well, we'll never know. I have only recently begun studying this period myself and others here can offer much more nuanced views than I can. It is an incredibly complex topic and you need to have a good base of knowledge of the Ancien regime and all the other little things that happened along the way to understand how and why it began/ended how it did.
I know it will probably be frowned upon by many here as it is more of a pop history but I've greatly enjoyed Mike Duncan's new series (he's known for The History of Rome) which is currently working its way through the French Revolution. Give it a listen. http://www.revolutionspodcast.com/
Books: Some good books on the French Revolution?
Causes: What was the main cause of the French Revolution? Was there even one main cause?
Economic causes of the French Revolution(http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1wuvc4/economic_causes_of_the_french_revolution/)
Lasting impact: What lasting impact did the French revolution have on the course of history outside of France?
Did the French Revolution actually accomplish anything
From the main book list: Revolutionary Era
The Days of the French Revolution by Christopher Hibbert is a good general history but not the best as it's general semi-pop history.
Engineering the Revolution: Arms & Enlightenment in France, 1763-1815 by Ken Alder, which focuses on the technological, social, and political aspects of retooling the French military to better fight in the future, which is important for later dominance under Napoleon's rule.
French Society in Revolution: 1789-1799 by David Andress is a more historical survey on society during the Revolution.
Twelve Who Ruled: The Year of the Terror in the French Revolution by R. R. Palmer which is one of the standard histories of the Terror, but again more of a professional history.
The Cult of the Nation in France: Inventing Nationalism, 1680-1800 by David A. Bell is a professional history on an aspect of the French Revolution that isn't focused on enough (in the larger discussions of the Revolution) but covers more than just the Revolution. It's important for the larger understanding of the Nationalizing aspect of the Revolution.
The Bayonets of the Republic: Motivation and Tactics in the Army of Revolutionary France, 1791-94 by John A. Lynn is one of the best books about the Revolutionary armies and how they fought/were made up of.
Contesting the French Revolution by Paul R. Hanson is a good series of essays about several aspects of the Revolution that I had to use in a class of mine, good but a little hard to read.
The People's Armies by Richard Cobb is a deep and detailed look at the Revolutionary Armies but I would still put Lynn's at the top for that.
The French Nobility in the Eighteenth Century: From Feudalism to Enlightenment by Guy Chaussiand-Nogaret
The French revolution: Recent Debates & New Controversies Edited by Gary Kates
Fragile Lives: Violence, Power and Solidarity in Eighteenth-Century Paris by Arlette Farge
Hope that all helps!
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