Not many people would have had an education. If you did, you were either rich or you were in a religious order. The curriculum was usually in latin. That was the most common academic language of Europe at the time, and even contemporary Medieval writers were writing in latin. Curriculum would depend a little bit on the field of study. Mostly everyone would read the classics: Plato, Aristotle, Ovid, Virgil, Horace, etc. Those going specializing in theological studies would be reading more church histories and theologians like Augustine, Aquinas, Ockham, or Holkot. If you were studying to be a doctor, you would read a lot more Aristotle, and probably some more translated works from ancient greek on medicine. In terms of similarities to modern education, there were few. If you could afford your education, chances are you were tutored privately until you came of age. If you still had enough money then, you would go to a university, of which there were few, and study for anywhere from 2 to 15 years there.

I think it should be pointed out that the other response is dealing with Europe after c.1100 when the first universities were established and Aristotelian logic was systematically being applied to Christian thought - commonly described as the emergence of Scholastic Humanism.

This period is typically not considered a part of the Early Middle Ages (rather it is called the Central or High Middle Ages), before this point we have far less information to hand about education and the processes behind it were far more ad hoc as the precursors to universities were individual monastic schools.