Encyclopaedia Britannica's Book of the Year does just this. It has been published since 1938 and includes sections covering statistics, anniversaries, and news, followed by updated (relative to a recent edition of the encyclopedia) material. The CIA World Factbook is also a comprehensive annual almanac, although it focuses more on nations, statistics, economics, and politics. There are many other almanacs and "year in review" type books in addition to these.