Yes, it did. It is difficult to underestimate to what extent Viking society really was a 'martial society'. Many aspects of life were very deeply tied in with fighting, violence, armies, weapons etc., even when the daily practice (milking cows, ploughing fields, making textiles, fishing etc.) was less so. The most significant aspect that would be different between these two periods is the involvement of powerholders over economic life. Where in the early 6th century, trade, for example, would have taken place either at ad-hoc village beach landings wherever a deal could be made (for relatively small quantities of not-particularly-exotic goods, like bronze or glass beads), in the 10th century it would have been restricted to a few relatively organised specific sites (the famous ones you know of, like Birka, Kaupang, or Hedeby), which had some kind of relation to the same guys that organised the Viking trips (kings, jarls, those kind of bully characters). We are still not sure whether this was a relationship of dominance (the trading places being controlled by these guys) or specifically independence (the trading places being outside of the control of these guys), but that there was a relation is pretty clear. This would have been totally different in the early 6th century.

Similarly, on a smaller scale, the early 10th century is when most of the villages that still exist in Denmark today were first given a permanent fixed location. That basically means that many current-day placenames are from this period. In this time, village location is also more organised. In part by being inspired by similar systems in Britain, and in part as the culmination of a longer-term development towards centralisation, villages now are truly organised in relation to other elements in society. One of them is the levy, or military obligations. Near the end of the Viking age, the local bullies (jarls etc.) organise the population in easily manageable units, which have to supply ship crews for local coastal defense (and possibly foreign expeditions, but there is no evidence for that). These obligations for labour are physically manifested also in the land divisions: every person with a certain obligation (their role in the 'skipen', or 'ship') gets allotted the same fixed amount of land to work. This land-unit system, derived from a military system (not unlike what the Romans had for their retired legionaries), now dominated village life. Previously, village life would have revolved exclusively on local inheritance politics, though even then, there do seem to have been fixed 'units' of land, implying some kind of central organisation. However, it is at the end of the Viking age that this land division system (the primary measure of wealth) becomes standardised across the country, instead of just regional systems for every village by itself.

Now, both these developments also tie in with another significant change in daily life, which is the introduction of coinage. Silver coinage is first systematically introduced in Scandinavia in the form of Arabic silver (dirham coins) from the eastern trade routes, though it is the weight of the silver, not the nominal value of the coin, that is important here. Still, the general agreement of a single standard of value, or means of payment (silver) is a significant change from an earlier economy without such a central value marker. Silver would not only have been valuable within warrior communities (Vikings proper), but also in general daily life, because we also find them in regular cemeteries and villages, but they do seem to be more prominent at the trading sites, which does limit their functionality somewhat. So don't overestimate the extent of coinage in Scandinavian society, but still its existence is significant. Near the end of the Viking age, Vikings also start to produce their own (as opposed to copies of other people's) coins. These are imitations of English coins, with a Scandinavian flavour.

So these three developments together lead to a completely new phenomenon in Scandinavian society, which is a system of taxation. Previous tribute-systems had existed, but we do not know how systematic these were or what kind they really took. Near the end of the Viking age, the reasons for doing work have shifted entirely. Taxation changed rules for ownership, organising a system of obligations and rights, including personal property. Viking contacts with Britain and to the East were vital influences here in drawing Scandinavia within the European sphere, out of the marginal periphery of European state-systems.

The themes for this research have been set out by Else Roesdahls and Ulf Näsmans 'tribe to state'-project, even if the details and the facts have changed a bit over the last 20 years.