It's important to note that this is a far more relevant question in contemporary times or recent history. Only since, roughly, the last 150 years has man been making chemical drugs or enhance the potency of natural drugs through chemical processes. Before this time, drug use was limited to naturally occuring products. These are generally less potent, less addictive and have fewer adverse effects. At the same time, state policies and governmental control weren't as common or as easy to enforce in what you describe as older societies. Also the negative effects on someones health would be a lot less easy to demonstrate without experiments or studies backed by the scientific method.

I'm not well-versed in law history, but I do know that drug use was often entwined with religious or spiritual experiences. So if there is an early example of "legal restrictions", chances are that it's inspired by religious doctrine.