There was the Futurist movement in early 20th century Italy. It was a philosophical and artistic movement that idolized rapid industrialization and glorified technology and violence. After the first World War, the futurists formed a political arm called the Fascist Party.
Most political parties in modern times have had some kind of "developmental" economic program. Ideologies competing on the grounds of their ability to produce development has been a firm consistent feature of modern politics. During the Cold War the United States and USSR tried to persuade the world that economic and technological development would result from adopting their competing ideological systems. If a country or leader wanted a hydroelectric dam (like Aswan or Akosombo) generally they had to decide which system would be more likely result in it being built.
In the early Soviet Union the lightbulb was commonly referred to as the "Ilyich lamp"-- one of Lenin's most famous slogans was
Communism is Soviet power plus the electrification of the whole country.
/u/Volsunga is right to refer to the Futurists in that they were probably the closest analog to current transhumanism but if we look at your question more broadly I think we'll realize that it's a much shorter list of political movements that reject technological development (Khmer Rouge, certain Islamic fundamentalists.) By and large almost everyone else from Churchill, to Stalin, to Thatcher, have been arguing their legitimacy rests in a superior ability to produce development. We could even describe this as a defining characteristic of political modernity.
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