During the US-Soviet space race, what were other country's space programs doing during this time period?

by GoAheadDOIT

It seems like the only two nations participating in the Space Race (A quick google says it was from 1957 to 1975). Why weren't any other countries involved? Did Britain or France have their own active space agencies at this time? Or any other country for that matter. I'm interested in any space programs/experiments that were occurring during this time period that is not a part of the US-Soviet space race.

If, during this time period, the Soviets and the US were the only two nations exploring space/launching satellites/doing whatever it is you do with space, then when did other nations begin their own space programs?

If I'm basing this question on a false premise, or you know of any examples where its some country working jointly with the US/USSR then I would like to hear about that as well. I'm just curious about what the rest of the world's space programs were doing in a time period that is pretty much dominated by the US-Soviet race.

Antorugby

My reply will probably be incomplete and I'm sorry, but I hope it will respect the guidelines.

There weren't countries that participated in the space war in the same extent of USA and URSS USSR

I can speak for my country, Italy, that cooperated with the NASA and sent a satellite the San Marco 1 in orbit during the 1964, becoming the first nation after USA and URSS USSR to send something in orbit.

It so was also a member of the European Launcher Development Organisation (ELDO) and the European Space Research Organization (ESRO) established two years earlier, that later merged in the 1975 forming the European Space Agency.

Hope it will answer some of your questions.

EDIT: Clearing something, UK and Canada launched a satellite before Italy, but it was built by NASA, the Italian satellite was built by an Italian Team and launched from a US facility.

EDIT: Canada sent a Satellite completely made by them 2 years before Italy, making them the first country after the two superpowers to launch a satellite. Thank you /u/MuffButter for clearing that up!

tc1991

The United Kingdom developed a launcher, Black Arrow which was a satellite launcher and Blue Streak which was a missile but was cancelled before entering production (it was given to the ELDO that Antorugby mentions and became part of the European launcher.)

Black Arrow successfully launched Prospero, the first successful satellite built in Britain and launched by a British rocket. The first UK satellite was Ariel 1 but it was launched by a US rocket, and built under contract in the US.

The UK has never had a 'space program' as such, the UK space sector is comparatively large (worth £9bn p.a.) but has generally been restricted to the private sector and academia, and the relativity limited involvement in the European Space Agency.

The UK didn't have a 'space agency' until 2010, previously it was an office in the relevant department (Trade and Industry, Business Industry and Skills etc.)

corpsmoderne

A word about France:

Like the US, USSR and other nations, France started researches in rocket technologies in the 1940's for military applications. These efforts were geared to acquire the capability to hit USSR with nuclear missiles (first nuclear bomb detonated in 1960, first launch of the AGATE test rocket in 1961, first operational IRBM silos in 1971).

The CNES (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales , basically the French space agency) is created in 1961.

France becomes the third nation to put an object in orbit in 1965 with the launch of Asterix on top of a Diamand A rocket.

in 1964 was created the ELDO ( European Launcher Development Organisation ) to develop the Europa launcher. After nearly 10 years of development the project is canceled after a series of failures. Then came the ESA (European space agency), established in 1975, and the ultimately very successful Ariane first flight in 1979.

French space initiative in the 60's can be seen through the lens of the policy of president De Gaule to give France independence in every sectors perceived as strategic.

Everything I've said so far (and much much more) can be found on this very 90's looking French site (sorry) http://www.capcomespace.net/dossiers/espace_europeen/ariane/index.htm . While made by an amateur, this website is extremely well documented and corroborated by other sources.

WP articles:

bob_terwilliger

I believe that the short awnser to this (which I am woefully unqualified to give) is that ,yes , other programs did exist , and yes they did contribute to mankind's exploration of space.

I think the first and most important thing to do is to place your question into context. The key driver of the Space race was the cold-war imperetive to achieve technological pairity as a part of the arms-race . With global power now largely defined by ones access to (and ability to deliver) nuclear weapons , the superpowers raced to develop better bombs and better means of getting them to their targets. This led to unprecedented funding for things like strateigic bombing aircraft , nuclear submarines , and of course ultimately the ICBM and its orbital spin-offs.

Now , whilst the US and the USSR led movement and were able to dedicate a vastly greater amount of resources into development , they were not alone. In the 1950s and 60s other "Great Powers" , specifically China , Great Britain and France scrambled to create their own bombs and delivery systems in an effort to prove their geopolitical importance. Despite their increasingly limited strategic positions and shrinking budgets , Britain and France invested heavily in their nuclear deterrent , including the development of ICBMs. British efforts resulted in the Blue-streak / Black-Knight missile programs that successfully launched the Prospero satellite into orbit from Australia in 1971. Ultimately , they decided to withdraw funding from the project in favor of developing a submarine based nuclear deterrent , and Britain remains the only space power to have effectively abandoned its satellite launch capability. ( See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Arrow) France took a similar avenue with its Diamant Launch system , initially proposed by the military as a weapons platform , and which launched Frances first Satellite from Algeria in 1965. Both programs were later subsumed into a joint European Space agency that , along with Programs in Italy and Germany , would become the foundation of the ESA. More on that later. In the East , China launched its first satellite in 1970 atop a "long march" rocket , though the space program suffered extensively during the chaos of the cultural revolution and the death of Mao. To Summarise , several major world powers were launching their own rockets into space by the start of the 1970s.

Another aspect that you inquired about is co-operation between space programs and the Superpowers. Both political camps established programs that sought to facilitate their allies efforts to reach space , for both scientific purposes and for pure propaganda. between 1978 and 1988 the Soviet Interkosmos (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interkosmos) sent cosmonauts into space from as far afield as Cuba and Vietnam. Indeed , several participants came from outside the communist sphere , most notably France and India. For their part the USA were also willing to take specialists from its allies and partners once it had established its shuttle program in the early 1980s and had space capacity. Off the top of my head I can think of Astronauts from Great Britain , Israel , Mexico and West Germany who all got their first taste of space courtesy of NASA. Outside the manned space program both sides had extensive networks of co-operation with smaller space agencies and academic institutions that provided experiments , equipment and funding for space probes and Satellites. In the West the USA provided a cheap launch facility for many countries (A key factor in Great Britain abandoning its own launch facilities in 1971) , and in the Soviet Block the Vega series of probes carried instruments provided by several Warsaw pact states.

By the 1980s and the end of the Space race the emphasis had turned to co-operation. Following the Apollo-Soyuz test mission in 1975 the US and the USSR never had the same sort of antagonism that had marked the Space race of the 1960s. Morever the European space powers had begun to pool their resources into the ESA, which began its highly successful Ariane program in 1979. Though they remained reliant on US technical assistance well into the 1990s , the ESA is perhaps the best example of a non-superpower , non-national space agency making real contributions during this time period. When NASA found itself unable to pay for a mission to Halleys comet in 1986 , it was the ESA (in the Form of the Giotto space probe) that led an armarda of spacecraft to collect priceless data.

Ill stop there , im spewing space history out of my ass and its probably not a good idea! Hope this awnsers some of your questions and gives you some avenues to research

Koh-I-Noor

East Germany developed (among other things) a high tech camera for the Soviet space program: MKF 6 multi spectral camera. The development costs were about 82 million Mark and it was considered at that time as the best space camera in the world. It wasn't even allowed to be exported to non Warsaw Pact countries.

magictravelblog

or you know of any examples where its some country working jointly with the US/USSR

Australia certainly assisted the USA in some small way. Probably most famous (although even then not that famous) is the Parkes Observatory http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkes_Observatory#Historical_non-astronomy_research

From that link...

During the Apollo missions to the moon, the Parkes Observatory was used to relay communication and telemetry signals to NASA, providing coverage for when the moon was on the Australian side of the Earth.

It and other facilities in Australia have since fulfilled a similar role for a bunch of other missions.

lucidsleeper

China had a space program during the 1960s but then the Cultural Revolution happened and the program was shut down. The scientists working on the space program were either sent to work on other projects or persecuted by Red Guards, depending on their political standing.