I'm going through the Pacific theater, and sometimes it feels like a game of Axis/Allies where the US just gets all the rolls. In every major battle, some combination of luck, strategy, and/or blunder seems to result in a US victory.
I want to specify that I'm asking about battles against the US, not against British/Chinese forces in mainland Asia (where Japan had considerable success). I'm also asking about battles after Japan's initial expansion (including Pearl Harbor and taking the Philippines). If there are any successes, feel free to compare them to Pearl Harbor/Philippines on whatever totally arbitrary scale of "success" you choose.
/u/The_Alaskan highlights a good choice. There were multiple occasions in the Java campaign when an outnumbered Japanese fleet manhandled a superior Allied force.
I would also add that there were battles in the Solomon Islands campaign where the Japanese decisively beat Allied forces. I'm thinking primarily of Savo Island, where the Japanese jumped an Allied fleet and sank 2/3 of the heavy forces almost before the Allies knew they were there. In fact it wasn't until after the battle was over that some of the ships even knew a battle was taking place. But the Japanese had other victories as well.
It was in the Solomons that both sides were bleeding a lot of cruisers and destroyers. The difference is that the US was able to replace their losses far more easily. The big carrier battles get all the press, and rightfully so. But Japan's ability to operate a fleet was ground to a nub in the Solomons. With fewer cruisers and destroyers to screen them, the carriers were forced to stay in port more. They couldn't train or operate as much as the admirals wanted. And so they lost their advantages in training. After that they were sending in less trained pilots and ship crews, using older inferior equipment, and were generally grossly outnumbered to boot. And that's when they ceased to have victories over the US.
This of course focuses on Naval campaigns. But the nature of the war makes that the primary focus. The Japanese strategy was to grab territory and to hold it. With long term victory predicated on the idea that the US would eventually get war weariness and negotiate a peace. So a lot of Japanese "losses" like Buna, Iwo Jima, or Okinawa could be considered victories of a sort if they cost the US sufficient time, wounded, and morale.
You might consider reading up on the Java Sea campaign. That campaign, which took place in the first half of 1942, involved a badly bungled defense of the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) by a multinational force including Dutch, American, Australian and British forces. The ABDA (from the initials of the contributing nations) force was defeated in detail by Japanese forces despite numerical and logistical advantages.