Not really. Unless you count the modern-day Jews. The Hebrew people were conquered and dispersed around the world at least four times, first in 722 BC when Sennacherib conquered Israel and was turned back at Jerusalem. The second was when Nebuchadnezzar destroyed Jerusalem in 586 BC. Both of these are recorded in the Mesopotamian chronicles of their respective kings. Both of these also consisted of a mass deportation of most of the residents of the land. Many of them then returned in around 510-515 BC, under the Persians, but by then we are talking about a couple generations of interbreeding of the Judahites, and a few hundred years of massive interbreeding and mixing in the case of the kingdom of Israel, as the Assyrians replaced the people they brought out with other conquered people groups from other places.

By this time, the original Hebrew people had been dispersed over the whole of the Middle East, from Iraq to Rome and Egypt.

When the Romans put down the first Jewish Rebellion in 70 AD, that began another round of dispersal, since the temple was destroyed and they had nothing left to tie them to the land. The final nail in the coffin of ancient Israel was the end of the Bar-Kochba rebellion in 135 AD, after which any Hebrew nationalism was well and truly quelled, and many Jews were deported as slaves.

By this time, the largest Jewish communities were in Egypt, in Alexandria, not in modern-day Israel.

So basically, the closest we can really get is the modern Jews. They are the descendants. However, due to the massive diaspora that has been occurring for 2500 years, it would be difficult to really consider them to be the same people as the ancient Hebrews, just because of all the mixing with other populations.

However, DNA analysis has established recently that some Ethiopian Jews are descended from ancient Israelites, so DNA analysis can establish descent from ancient Hebrews for modern populations.