I can't give you a full answer as I don't have my books on the subject on hand, but the role of colonial troops in WW1 is very much misunderstood and under-reported, for a number of reasons. Certainly The Western front towards the end of The War was one of the most multi-national, multi-racial, multi-faith places in history. Germany in fact created a special camp with a mosque and halal food in an attempt to persuade Muslim P.O.W.s to defect.[1][2]

If you are interested in the role of troops of the empire I can't recommend historian David Olusoga's work enough. His documentary The World's War: Forgotten Soldiers of the Empire and book The World's War covers your question very well, and details the "white washing" of the history of colonial troops after the war. His interview in the BBC History podcast History Extra episode The Global First World War covers predominately France's colonial troops and he discusses the illiteracy of many colonial troops leading to very few accounts of their experiences as well as the bravery and persecution of non-white soldiers at the hands of both the enemy and their own side.

EDIT: I completely forgot there is also Race, Empire and First World War Writing which is probably the best place to start- it's a volume of essays by different scholars on this very subject and it's probably the most in depth account of the history of colonial troops in the war.

The answer is yes, in a lot of different ways.

First, the empires provided manpower to the war effort in Europe. The most famous example is probably the Australia and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC), whicht fought at Gallipoli and later on the western front. Canada, India and South Africa also supplied forces. Around 25 % percent of all british casualties were suffered by forces from dominions and colonies, which illustrates the scope of the support. France also used colonial forces in Europe. To provide one example, the Tirailleurs Senegalais provided around 200.000 troops, of which around 30.000 dien in the first world war.

Second, the empires provided raw materials and other ressources. Germany suffered a shortage of many important materials, including food and oil. France and Britain could supply these from around the world, including their colonies. Earl Curzon was quoted as having said that Britain "floated to victory on a wave of oil", as oil was used not only to power the major warships of that era, but also became increasingly important in moving and supplying ground forces.