Native Americans once built the city of Cahokia, which was eventually abandoned for unknown reasons. It seems unlikely that the inhabitants of Cahokia would not have left descendants. What Native American tribes are descended from the peoples who once built and inhabited Cahokia?
Someone else can comment on biological descent, but there are other ways of reckoning "descent" from a group, including the adoption of cultural practices. For instance, the U.S. Federal government has several government buildings that resemble Roman or Greek temples (and other architecture/art), but a lot of the founding politicians of the nation had no or little genetic relationship to Romans or Greeks. There is a legacy here that doesn't have to do with biology, and the claim is pretty clear that the political system of the U.S. was supposed to descend from Greek democracy and Roman republicanism.
Likewise, Cahokia created an incredibly widespread religious and iconographic system that transcended simple biological descent. Archaeologists call this shared system of religious belief and iconography that stems from Cahokia (and other places) the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (see generic Wiki map for extent).
There are certainly experts on this sub that can handle your question much more indepth (including the biological component possibly), but I wanted to point out that there are other angles to the question than just what you had originally asked.
This isn't an easy question to answer. Cultural identities are a moving target, splitting and merging in complex ways. While the population of Cahokia likely dispersed and merged with a variety of neighboring peoples as their own personal contacts and preferences allowed, the core populace likely became one or more of the Dhegiha nations (Ponca, Omaha, Kansa, Osage, and Quapaw). The Chiwere nations (Iowa, Missouria, Oto, and a bit more distantly, the Ho-Chunk) certainly have Middle-Mississippian connections too. Archaeologically we see the establishment Middle-Mississippian outpost communities in southern Wisconsin, in the general vicinity of where oral history places the split between the Ho-Chunk and those who speak Chiwere-proper, and Iowa and Ho-Chunk narratives have interesting parallels with Mississippian iconography, particularly with the Red Horn & Hero Twins Cycle.
