Can someone explain The Twelve Tribes of Israel in depth for me?

The traditional/Biblical narrative is as follows (comments in parentheses):

The twelve tribes are (mostly) named after Jacob/Israel's sons in Genesis (Manasseh and Epraiham are Jacob's grandsons by Joseph and Levi doesn't get a tribe, instead getting the priestly caste). Genesis works best as the Israelites' retrospective analysis of where they and their neighbors came from, and this is no exception: all the tribes are distinct and yet they are all the children of Israel.

The southern tribe, Judah (from which we get the words Jew and Judaism) was, along with the small satellite tribe of Benjamin, as strong as the northern ten tribes put together. According to the Biblical narrative, the 12 tribes remained united in a United Monarchy under a mere three kings, the latter two of whom were David and Solomon, of Judah. Hebron, the traditional capital of Judah, was David's capital before he took Jerusalem, and favoritism ran rampant. Under Solomon's successor Rehoboam, the northern ten tribes rebelled under a leader named Jeroboam and formed a breakaway state, the Northern Kingdom of Israel to face off with the rump Southern Kingdom of Judah. The Northern kingdom argued that God could be worshipped in any number of shrines in their country, the Judahites that God could only be worshipping in the Jerusalem Temple and that the northerners were basically crypto-pagans.

The Northern Kingdom would fall to the Assyrians in the 8th Century BCE and its tribes vanish from the record at that point.

There's tremendous tension in the Old Testament between the Northern and Southern narrative. Genesis would, for example, set up Jacob founding the Northern holy site of Beth El, but I Kings would later condemn Jeroboam for...setting up a shrine at Beth El. Numbers would praise Moses for creating a sacred serpent staff that scared off snakes...I Kings would condemn Jeroboam for treating the same staff as a holy artifact worthy of veneration.