A minor clarification on the Korean:

In Korean, the color orange is still for the most part 주황색, Juhwangsaek, which is a Korean reading of the Chinese characters 朱黃色.

• 朱 means "red" or "vermilion"; it's the first character in Zhu Que, the Vermilion bird of mythology, and a part of the Korean name for the Japanese yew, the bark of which has a reddish tint.

• 黃 means "Yellow"

• 色 means "Color"

Hence, the Korean for orange as a color simply means "Red-yellow color" (the reasons for that should be apparent).
오렌지 Orenji is so far mostly limited to the fruit.

The color orange was named after the fruit. The english word comes from the old french pomme d'orenge, which came from the arabic naranj, which came from the sanskrit naranga.

So really it was the name a plant, which was traded and propagated globally. When people asked what what the fruit was called they were told "it's an orange" an so they repeated that word as best as they could, which changed over time and distance. Only later was used it to describe the color. In english, prior to having the word "orange" people would describe something as yellowish-red or redish-yellow.

So it was shared across many languages because it was a noun that traveled with a traded commodity before it ever became an adjective.

lazy sources:

Paterson, Ian (2003). A Dictionary of Colour: A Lexicon of the Language of Colour (1st paperback ed.). London: Thorogood (published 2004). p. 280.

Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 5th edition, 2002.

"The Semantics of Colour". Retrieved 25 September 2014.

"The Power of Words". Retrieved 25 September 2014.

Are you implying that the Mandarin "juse" comes from the word "orange"?

Both juse and chengse come from different Chinese words for orange... or tangerine or whatever. A Hong Kong Baptist University database on Chinese medicine says that sweet cheng is Citrus sinensis and sour cheng is Citrus aurantium, while a ju is a Citrus reticulata.

The character for ju has existed for quite a while, as well as its basic pronunciation. This and this (the first page of which is this) suggest that the Middle Chinese (~600 AD) pronunciation is "kjwit" and the Old Chinese (pre-Qin) pronunciation is "*[s.k]ʷi[t]" (according to Baxter-Sagart's phonology).

Links on phonology above:

Baxter-Sagart Old Chinese reconstruction, version 1.1 (20 September 2014) William H. Baxter ( 白一平 ) and Laurent Sagart ( 沙加爾 )

An Etymological Dictionary of Common Chinese Characters William H. Baxter [Preliminary draft of 28 October 2000]