Your question made me wonder if the Kaaba stone--which dates from pre-Islam--was considered a meteorite in the ancient world. Apparently it is not nor was it considered a meteorite by early Muslims. The article, Kaaba Stone not a Meteorite: Probably an Agate, (Dietz&McHome, 1974), states that meteorites were not understood as stones from space until the L'Aigle fall in France, 1803 (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1974Metic...9..173D).

Nevertheless, it is difficult for me to imagine people seeing a rock fall from the sky and not attributing it to supernatural or holy forces. Perhaps, "rocks from the sky" were known but not "rocks from extraterrestrial space".

Judith Bjorkman has a paper in Meteoritics 1973: 91-130 titled "Meteors and Meteorites in the Ancient Near East". If you can get access to it, it will probably answer your questions, or at least point you in the direction of what is known.

First, the texts show that the peoples of the ancient Near East knew of and were able to describe shooting stars, meteors, fireballs, meteor showers, and comets. They were also aware of the extra-terrestrial origin of meteorites, including iron meteorites. Secondly, however, their understanding of the interconnections of these phenomena with each other and with other meteorological and atmospheric phenomena was vague. For example, even though it was known that stones, iron, and stars might fall from heaven, there was a discontinuity in their understanding that these were the end-products, as it were, of the brilliant and noisy bolides.

(Bjorkman 1973: 94)

So, according to Bjorkman, "Yes". They knew about meteorites and they understood that certain things came from space. When did they know about these things? The texts that Bjorkman is looking at are mainly what she labels "astromantic" and mostly date to first millennium BC, but are sometimes copies of second millennium texts (1973: 91). I'm not saying that they didn't know about these things earlier.

On a side note, Bjorkman debunks the notion that iron was originally referred to as "metal of heaven" (1973: 114-15). There are terms such as "iron of heaven" in Egyptian (bia' n pet), but these come much later than general terms for iron and were sometimes used in reference to what was smelted iron and not meteoritic iron. Basically, the issue is complicated and there can be a lot of unknowns regarding ancient metallurgical terms.

Probably. Short article, and a more thorough, longer article.

Additionally, iron artifacts dating to at least 2900BC have been found, and are referenced throughout history by various middle east cultures as 'metal from heaven'. See here. The iron age, according to Wikipedia, began at most 500 years after the earliest known copy Gilgamesh was written. 500 years is not that long, considering that people had been using iron for at least 1900 years BEFORE the iron age began. In those 1900 years, there developed this notion of 'metal from heaven', so it should be safe to assume that meteorite events were observed and recorded (and maybe even revered for their ability to bring this incredible metal).

Yes, the reading of meteorite is confirmed by other texts as discussed in George's critical edition and metoric iron is archaeologically attested.