I have been searching for a project, but havent had any luck. The period is Edo, but other than current day cities I cant find the largest at that point in time. Does anyone know a helpful resource I could use to find this? Thanks in advance!
The Edo period is also known as the Tokugawa Shogunate so maybe try to refine your search? Maybe search some databases for census data but that might be difficult to find for Japan.
Searched google for what you were looking for and even though 1889 is after the end of Tokugawa rule it might be a good starting point to dive off of. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_cities_by_population#List_as_of_1889
Hope that helps!