The way this typically manifests is probably not the way you are considering; namely, people did not have the idea that people could travel back in time. What usually happened was that someone was enchanted in someway, and having spent a great deal of time in that enchantment returned to the world to find things dramatically changed with the passage of time. Two legends are typical in Northern Europe:

The first is the enchantment by the fairies. In this legend, someone is abducted, and although he believes only a day or two have passed, a year - or sometimes a century - have passed in reality. The person returns to a dramatically different world (especially in the case of the century having passed). Often the person dies when getting off a horse and having his foot touch the ground, at which point he withers with his ancient age. The classic story of Rip Van Winkle is a popular manifestation of someone who spends time enchanted only to awaken to a changed world.

A second motif is the slumbering army. This is frequently associated with King Arthur or with Barbarosa, both of whom sleep with their armies waiting to be awaken in the future. Not a perfect example of time travel since according to the legend, they are always "yet to awaken." But when they do, according to the legend, they will have leapt over the passage of time, traveling to their future.

So that's the way people in Northern Europe described someone experiencing time in an unconventional way. This is not going backward, and it is not traveling to the future - and returning - the way one finds in Science Fiction novels.

There's this, pretty similar to Rip Van Winkle https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urashima_Tar%C5%8D