I've learnt that a lot of European rulers claimed divine right when it comes to justifying their rule, my question is; did rulers in places outside Europe, like India or China, have a similar concept?

In short, yes. In China, the Emperor was referred to as " Son of Heaven", and sovereignty required a mandate from heaven. In Japan the Imperial line is considered as descended from the goddess Amaterasu. In India, various Hindu religious texts described the king as having divine aspects.