Here is a post I wrote on this subject. If you see in some of the quotes also the 1850s are referred to as 'the fifties' etc. In short yes, decades had similarly distinctive identities in the 1800s.

The cycle wasn't really going quickly enough for the styles of the previous decade to seem outrageously bizarre, but there are a number of satirical cartoons from the 1850s-1860s contrasting the hoops and crinolines with Regency dress, and Regency-era satires that went back a century. Probably the comparison that's the closest in time would be this famous one contrasting the 1770s with the 1790s.