You could go on and on comparing ancient religions to modern ones but the overwhelming likelihood is that your comparisons would be specious and inaccurate, like the absurd "Jesus = Horus" canard. Most of these comparisons that claim similar stories in Ancient Pagan religions are based on extremely elective, ahistorical interpretations of Ancient texts. For example, your "12 disciples" claim comes from the "Jesus = Horus" thing. Someone saw that there were twelve people depicted in a heiroglyph near Horus, and said "Ah HA! They're disciples! Just like Jesus's! They're the same!" most similar comparisons and claims are about as strong as that one.

I'm not really sure what kind of answer you're looking for that an academic historian could provide.

What did the Jews take from the Babylonians?

Removed. This doesn't seem to be a historical question, we aren't the right subreddit for determining the veracity of religious faiths.