Has there ever existed any semblance of a human society which predominantly operates during the night (note: I am not referring to sub-cultures within a society, such as night shift workers).
All I can think of is Oliver Sacks' The Island of the Colorblind it is about a group of people suffering from a specific form of colorblindness that makes them very sensitive to light. I don't think they were completely nocturnal but they avoided bright daylight. I don't know of any historical sources of the same phenomenon though.