This is very difficult to tell because there were very few documented sources about Viking Culture. Probably one of the few sources that covers viking culture in any way is the account of Ahmad Ibn Fadlan, a Muslim traveler that explored the Steppes and the Volga river in the 10th century. However this source and the other source I am citing below were both closer to the end of the Viking Age.

While he mostly focuses on other Turkic tribes and the Khazars in his account (which is actually a very interesting read by the way), he also briefly covered his experiences with the Varangians (I will use this term interchangeably with Volga Vikings). In his account, he writes:

"They come from their country in the North, anchor their ships in the Volga River, and build large wooden houses on its banks. In every such house there live ten or twenty, more or less. Each man has a couch, where he sits with the beautiful girls he has for sale. Here he is as likely as not to enjoy one of them while a friend looks on. At times several of them will be thus engaged, each in full view of the others. Now and then a merchant will come to a house to purchase a girl, and find her master thus embracing her, and not giving over until he has full had his will." -Ahmad Ibn Fadlan, Letters on the Vikings

From this account it is clear that the vikings practiced a culture that involved both concubines and slavery. It is unknown how widespread this was, but at the least the Volga Vikings did this. The Varangians also had a strong community-based culture as they lived in fairly large groups in longhouses. This at least is very well documented throughout Scandinavia as longhouses and mead halls have been discovered in many other areas that Vikings settled.

However, arguably the most crucial part of Ibn Fadlan's account is his description of Norse burials. It is rather long, so I'll just give a brief summary of it. You can read the full text here. Basically, Varangian funerals involved several steps. First, the deceased person would be placed on a boat with many of his possessions and gifts. Next, one or a few slaves would sacrificed by an "Angel of Death," so that they could serve him in the afterlife. Several other animal sacrifices were made as well. Finally, the entire ship would be set aflame in order to cremate and honor the dead individual.

However, this form of burial was only really practiced for very wealthy people, and there were other forms of funerals in other parts of Scandinavia. For example, common people and many leaders in fact were also buried in funeral mounds, and these mounds were similar to the ship because they also included human sacrifices and a variety of gifts for the dead individual.

A bit more generally, viking culture was not that different from other European cultures at the time. They practiced subsistence agriculture, fishing, and ironworking, much like the rest of Europe. They often produced decorative items, jewelry, and rune stones to honor great people. The vikings also wrote poetry, as shown by their epics and sagas, although many of those might have been invented later considering that none of them were written down until centuries later (Beowulf for example).

In the Ynglinga Saga from the Heimskringla, written by Storri Sturluson, the day-to-day political structure is described:

"Onund's district-kings were at that time spread widely over Sweden, and Svipdag the Blind ruled over Tiundaland, in which Upsal is situated, and where all the Swedish Things are held. There also were held the mid-winter sacrifices, at which many kings attended. One year at midwinter there was a great assembly of people at Upsal, and King Yngvar had also come there with his sons." -Storri Sturluson, Heimskringla

This describes the basic political structure of the vikings that very much existed in the day-to-day life of the norse people. While there was a clear hierarchy and obvious kings and jarls that ruled of Scandinavia, people enjoyed a surprising level of democracy and independence. Viking communities would often meet in Things, as described above, which would range from small local discussions about issues to great assemblies, where the king would invite the people to a discussion. In this sense, a lot decisions during the viking era were fairly democratic and community-oreinted. This tradition actually continued for much longer in Iceland, where the nation's current legislature, the Althing, was based on these community discussions that took place during the Viking Age.