An old professor of mine used to say that if you asked anyone in 1900 where a wholesale murder of Jews might take place, most would reply either France or Russia.

Russia: there were numerous (too numerous to list) pogroms in the Russian empire (which included part of Poland) in the 1880s. These attacks on Jewish communities killed scores of people (with hundreds of women raped) and buildings burned, property destroyed, etc. A much bloodier wave started after 1903, where thousands of Jews were killed. A third wave started in 1917; it was the worst by far, killing 10s of thousands of Jews.

In France, meanwhile, there was the Dreyfuss affair of 1894 onwards. A young Jewish French officer was convicted (falsely) of spying for the Germans; conservatives, Catholics, military officers, etc. all railed against the Jews as inherently traitorous. (Turns out it was a frame-up.)

So: localized attacks on (and murder of) Jews in Russia (and Poland) every few decades in the East;
meanwhile, massive antisemitism in the press, in politics, etc. in the West.

Germany, in the middle, seemed like a haven from this crap around 1900. The Anti-Semite party of Imperial Germany (before 1914) peaked at less than 5% in the mid-1890s, and was in decline.
Jews, meanwhile, had full citizenship, and many more opportunities. (German Jews had a much easier time getting professorships in German universities than they did in American Universities, for instance.) (Harvard was particularly antisemitic…)

Many Polish Jews had suffered through the pogroms of 1917-1922, and their parents had suffered through pogroms before that… and the Germans, even though led after 1933 by an antisemitic maniac, had a reputation for prizing law and order above all else.

So, yes: I could totally see many Polish Jews thinking they might actually be safer under German rule.

Spain had a relatively tiny Jewish population during the interwar period, yet anti-Semitism was a real problem. The reason why is that a number of influential writers blamed the Jews for problems (real and imagined) in Spain.

Perhaps worse was prewar demagoguery from clergy like Father Juan Tusquets and others. Tusquets took the anti-Semitic tract The Protocols of the Elders of Zion and twisted it for use in Spain. His book--Orígenes de la revolución española--was quite popular among the right in Spain (despite Vatican disapproval). In the book he added a fear of Masons to create a supposed “Judeo-Masonic-Bolshevik” conspiracy to destroy Spain—and by extension Western Civilization. There was also a “Judeo-Masonic-Mahommedan-Bolshevik” variant. (the word "Mahommedan" is used here as a quote from Preston and as a reflection of its use in Spain at the time. Be aware that this word is often used as a derogatory slur, both in interwar Spain and now) Despite the tiny Jewish and Islamic populations in Spain in the 1930’s, many people believed that the allegations made by Tusquets were real. As a result, many leftists were executed as “Jews”, despite being wholly Spanish.

This was part of a wider effort to dehumanize the left. They were called "garbage" and "vermin" and "pests," and thus were targeted for extermination. The best treatment of this subject is in Preston's The Spanish Holocaust, though his earlier The Spanish Civil War does a reasonable job as well. For another perspective, Jose M. Sanchez does great work in The Spanish Civil War as a Religious Tragedy.

I know it doesn't touch on the normal areas where anti-Semitism was seen as a problem, but I hope this sheds at least some light on your question. Followup questions from OP and others are always encouraged.

(I'll just give a quick rundown of various areas, as covering all of them in detail would be a complete book. If you have questions about specific things just ask. Also ask for books on the topic etc.)

A lot. Especially in the region of the "Jewish pale". The Jewish pale was the jewish settlement region in Imperial Russia from Odessa to the Baltics. The countries this region made up (after ww1) had a lot of Antisemitism.

Many people in the Baltics worked closely with the Nazis together. I wrote more here

These regions, especially in Ukraine, had a history of antisemitic pogroms. An overview (But please take that article with a grain of salt, especially for who did what. I just link it to show some extent and how often they happened).

1946 in Kielce there was a pogrom against Jews (Poland). There were several pogroms in Poland during the inter-war period. For your anecdote, I question its rightness very much, even though there was a lot of antisemitism in Poland.

In France prior to World War 1 you had the Dreyfuß affair which showed French antisemitism. French antisemitism is also shown in the Vichy government.

European countries where extremely reluctant in accepting Jewish refugees from Germany.

Romanias Iron guard was extremely antisemitic. Hungarian arrow cross party was antisemitic. Croatian Ustashe was antisemtic as well as Serbian Chetniks.

So as a comprehensive answer, antisemitism in Europe was extremly common.