This is a fairly quick answer. Until WWI, the Ottoman Empire controlled modern-day Israel, and it was split various ways in the past, though in that case Jerusalem was one district (a large one with the city inside) and the north was another district. After the Ottoman Empire lost WWI, and the Arab revolt during WWI, the British assumed control of the area, and they were granted a Mandate by the League of Nations afterwards, at which point they split off modern day Israel (as well as the West Bank and Gaza) from Transjordan, which they created as its own state, called Jordan today.