How was Sexuality & Gender perceived in Germany between 1920 - 1989? How did these perceptions change after world war two Were there differing ideas on what sexuality should be in each allied occupation zone?
I'm quite interested in how Sexual education was taught to the future nazi generations? How did this differ between boys & girls? I know girls were taught the importance of Kinder, Küche & Kirche (Children, Kitchen & Church) but how did this effect the "Gender Schema" of the era? Were there any sexual positions that were deemed more "aryan" than others? Or gave German couples a better chance of having a "completely aryan" baby?
How was pornography viewed during this time? Was it influenced by propaganda? I've also heard of the Lebensborn birth houses for unmarried women to become impregnated by specially chosen S.S. members, What exactly went on in these birth houses?
I've heard that in occupied Norway, Norwegian mothers who had German children (in these birth houses) were shunned & often raped, How true is this? Are there any accounts of this?
How true is Heinz Heger's statement in The Men With The Pink Triangle that:
Himmler directed that all gay prisoners were to make compulsory visits to the camp brothel once per week as a means of curing them of their same-sex attraction.
And to what extant can we use Heger as a reliable source when he says:
the sadism of some of the SS officers reflected repressed homosexual desires of their own.
How true do historians think this statement is especially when thinking of Heinrich Himmler? One last thing, I read that:
Lesbians were not widely persecuted under Nazi anti-gay laws, as it was considered easier to persuade or force them to comply with accepted heterosexual behaviour.
How did the Nazi's go about persuading lesbians to switch to heterosexual practices?
I'm fairly interested in how Sexual education was taught in Nazi Germany, did what was taught differ at all for boys & girls? I know girls were encouraged to choose Aryan husbands in biology lessons, but were Boys encouraged to choose aryan wives? & Did the Nazi's deemed any sex positions as "more aryan" than others? Boys were encouraged to remain pure with regards to sex.
There were racial purity laws that prevented (or were designed to prevent) sexual liaisons between men and impure women. For example a German man caught having an affair with a Polish woman could face a fine, while the woman would be sent to a concentration camp. The punishment for men was usually light, especially when you look at the reverse situation where in German woman having affairs with foreign men would find themselves in Ravensbruck quite quickly.
Of course the Wehrmacht used foreign woman in their military brothels, but that was considered okay because it would prevent breakdowns in military discipline if German soldiers were allowed to “relieve” themselves from time to time (it didn’t work).
With regards to sex positions, the Nazis shied away from getting that in-depth with the “mechanics” so to speak. This contrasts with Weimar Berlin, which had a sex academy devoted to teaching women the ins and outs (heh) of sex, including how to use effective contraception and how to best orgasm. For the Nazis sex was a means to an end, a way to get more of the Aryan master race out. Himmler even issued a proclamation in around I think 1942, specifically stating that his men were not to seduce young women specifically for carnal pleasure.
However, that didn’t stop some Nazis from taking things into their own hands. For example a Nazi doctor named Johannes Schultz released a manual called “Sex-Love-Marriage” which gave instructions for couples on how to best achieve orgasm and when the best time to have sex was if you were aiming for children. Schultz is a rather interesting character. He worked at the Goring institute for Psychology. He advocated killing the mentally handicapped. And he enjoyed experiments for example he would take men accused of homosexuality and force them to have sex with a female prostitute. He would take notes and if the man didn’t perform admirably enough, Schultz would send him to a concentration camp.
Also I know girls were taught the importance of Kinder, Küche & Kirche but how did affect the "Gender Schema" of the era? How was pornography viewed during this time? Was it influenced by propaganda? I've also heard of the Lebensborn birth houses for unmarried women to become impregnated by specially chosen S.S. members, What exactly went on in these birth houses?
For the first part, very little and it’s quite surprising. For most young women, there first exposure to Nazi ideology would likely have been in the league of German girls, before the Nazis were able to more thoroughly infect the education system. But for all the Nazi posturing about the “ideal German woman” very little happened. The birth rate never really increased, and in fact massively decreased to about a million a year during the war. Himmler wanted pure Aryan children and was thus trying to implement various measures to get them, even at the expense of sexual immorality, such as his Lebensborn program.
A German young woman would be bombarded with several different ideas of what it meant to be a German woman. The party propaganda would push her to find an Aryan mate and have several children. She would be told that a proper woman does not smoke, or wear pants, or have her hair in certain styles.
Meanwhile her meetings with the league of German girls may tell her that having children out of wedlock with a proper man like say and SS or Hitler Youth member is fine, even encouraged because it helps the Fatherland. She would see things like the Lebensborn program as the total opposite of what the official party line was. Finally, she would be influenced by her family at home. 95% of all Germans remained Christian. Many lived in rural areas. So there was tremendous pressure at home to follow the ideas put forth by your own family, who could be very conservative and stress “proper” sexual conduct. Namely saving yourself for marriage, being morally devoted to God, etc.
So as you can see growing up Female in Nazi Germany could be a very…mixed experience, with so many different interpretations of what a “ideal” woman was and so much pressure to conform said ideal, it was a difficult time for young women.
In terms of pornography, it was heavily repressed. Pornographic content was burned by the Nazis in their book burnings and any sort of “degenerate” art was burned because of its negative influences. The Nazis even banned what they called “porn-a-poetry” which were lewd poems often produced in Weimar Germany. The Lebensborn program was an attempt by Himmler to produce more pure Aryan offspring. Basically what happened is if a German woman got pregnant by an SS man, should could to a birth house and the child could be raised there and eventually adopted by elderly German couples or SS couples wanting more children. Basically think Nazi orphanages.
I've heard that in occupied Norway, Norwegian mothers who had German children (in these birth houses) were shunned & often raped, How true is this? Are there any accounts of this?
I don’t know about rape but shunning of German woman, especially those who had kids with occupying German soldiers was rampant in pretty much every country occupied by the Germans. For example in Copenhagen, on May 8th, 1945, a person identified two woman who had been girlfriends of the German soldiers occupying the city. The women were taken to an air raid shelter, a quick trial was conducted, and the women had their heads shaved and breasts painted with Swastikas. They were then forced to walk down the streets. This kind of behaviour happened everywhere from France, Netherlands, Belgium, and Eastern Europe.
In The Men With The Pink Triangle, How true is Heinz Heger's statement that: Himmler directed that all gay prisoners were to make compulsory visits to the camp brothel once per week as a means of curing them of their same-sex attraction.
So Heger was a gay prisoner in a concentration camp so he certainly has firsthand experience with the issue. And there really is no reason to doubt that it happened. But I don’t know for sure that it was a national policy. Camp directors had a lot of autonomy in how they ran their concentration camp. So it was most likely not a national policy but done on the initiative of the camp director. There were other methods tried too. For example in one concentration camp, some 2000 homosexual men were “voluntarily” castrated.
the sadism of some of the SS officers reflected repressed homosexual desires of their own. Yeah…this is it where it becomes problematic. Herger was reacting to the rather sparse state of studies surrounding Homosexual in concentration camps. So he gets a little…overzealous at times. There were plenty of closest homosexuals in the SA and SS. But I don’t think you can put the brutality of them down to repressed homosexual desires.
Lesbians were not widely persecuted under Nazi anti-gay laws, as it was considered easier to persuade or force them to comply with accepted heterosexual behaviour.
This is true. While Lesbian bars/meeting places were shut down and those who were too “public” were sent to camps as “a-social” misfits, it was never systemic in the way it was for homosexual men. The criminal police and gestapo would often run stings on homosexual establishments to round up gay men, they regularly persecuted men accused of homosexuality (which we covered already). It just wasn’t like that for Lesbians. Mainly for two reasons:
Lesbians was seen as more of a fetish whereas homosexuality among men was a sort of endemic plague that needed to be cured via getting the homosexuals out of society where they could corrupt others.
Since women were viewed as naturally subservient and passive. They could be easily manipulated and controlled. Thus they were not seen as a danger in the way homosexual men were, who were considered subversive influences.
After the war, how does the perception of Sexuality & Gender change?
I remember this being in the last thread posted on this topic. I didn't get around to it then, so I'll just cover it here. Not much. Obviously a focus on pure races was no longer really in vogue, But the major changes by the allies to a German curriculum was in the form of de-Nazification. So there was more of a focus on educating students about the dangers of autocratic governments and Nazi atrocities; so a lot of reading of holocaust memoirs and things like that.